The challenge of economic development and especially sustainable economic growth is extremely tiresome beyond the capacity of individual brilliance and requires institutional capacity building to thrive and handle this challenge.I think the challenges abound and one of the fundamental challenges that nature poses at the doorsteps of nation building is public finance.However the paucity of funds in a budget deficits often hamstring government and paves the way for rising debt .
We examine the three most indebted countries of the world.I was caught in a fracas of debate three days ago with my fellow newstand discussant, unarguably the most erudite mind among them .I was forced to confront him when he said Nigeria was the third most indebted country in the world.I said it was not true and he almost landed me a broken jaw from the pugilist of a terrible blow to the near altercation betwixt us in the bewitching sport that was reconciled by fellow rancorous discussants.Instead of retaliation to land my own blow I was compelled to settle it with intellectual blow when I said america, china and Japan.Still they disagreed with my dosage of tranquility until we googled it and see what we find:
The top three most indebted countries vary depending on whether the metric used is the total amount of debt (in absolute dollars) or the debt relative to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
By Total Amount of Debt
Based on the total nominal amount of debt, the top three countries are all major global economies:
United States: approximately $59 trillion.
China: approximately $26 trillion.
Japan: approximately $11 trillion.
By Debt-to-GDP Ratio
When measured as a percentage of GDP, which indicates a country's ability to pay back its debt, the list changes significantly and highlights vulnerability to economic shocks:
Sudan: 252% of GDP (as of early 2025).
Japan: 235% of GDP.
Greece: formerly held the second spot at around 178%. Other sources list countries like Singapore (175%) as highly indebted by this measure.
The United States has a debt-to-GDP ratio of approximately 123%.
10 most indebted countries as global debt soars to $150 ...
* 10 most indebted countries as global debt soars to $150 trillion 1. 🇺🇸 U.S. — 59 trilion USD 2. 🇨🇳 China — 26 trilion USD 3.japan at $11tr
The user asked for the top three most indebted countries. My previous response provided this information based on two different metrics (absolute value and debt-to-GDP ratio) using my initial knowledge. The user then said "continue". This implies they want more details or an expansion of the topic, likely based on the new search data available, which is more current (2025 data).
I should provide updated and more detailed information, covering both metrics as the previous response did, but with fresh data and maybe add context about the nature of the debt (e.g., who owns it).
The top three by total debt are consistent: US, China, Japan. The values have slightly updated: US at around $38 trillion, China around $26 trillion, Japan around $11 trillion.
The top three by Debt-to-GDP have updated: Sudan has overtaken Japan for the top spot. The ranking for 2025 is: Sudan (252% - 272%), Japan (235% - 242%), and Singapore (173% - 175%). Greece is now lower down the list.
I will structure the response with headers for clarity and use the new, updated figures from the search results, adding context where possible, such as who holds the debt for major countries.
By Total Amount of Debt (Nominal)
The top three countries with the largest total amount of government debt (in absolute U.S. dollars) in 2025 are:
United States: approximately $38 trillion.
China: approximately $26 trillion.
Japan: approximately $11 trillion.
These five countries alone account for a significant majority of the world's total government debt in nominal terms.
By Debt-to-GDP Ratio
When viewed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures a country's debt burden relative to its economic output, the ranking is different and highlights potential fiscal vulnerabilities:
Sudan: The country's debt is estimated to be around 252% to 272% of its GDP, making it the most indebted nation by this measure in 2025.
Japan: Japan has a long-standing high ratio, estimated at around 235% to 242% of GDP.
Singapore: Following is Singapore, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of approximately 173% to 175%.
Context: Who Owns the Debt?
A common misconception is that this debt is owed primarily to other countries. For the world's major economies, a large portion of the national debt is often held domestically.
Japan's high debt is mostly held by its own citizens and domestic financial institutions, such as the Bank of Japan and Japanese banks.
The U.S. debt is primarily held by domestic entities, including the Federal Reserve and government trust funds (for Social Security and Medicare). Foreign countries hold about a third of public debt, with Japan and China being the top foreign holders of U.S. Treasury securities.
For many developing nations, a significant portion of their debt is external and often owed to international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or other countries like China. Argentina is currently the IMF's largest single debtor in 2025, with an outstanding balance of approximately $57 billion.
10 most indebted countries as global debt soars to $150 ...
30 Sept 2025 — * 10 most indebted countries as global debt soars to $150 trillion 1. 🇺🇸 U.S. — 59 trilion USD 2. 🇨🇳 China — 26 tr..
Can we tame the global public debt surge | Commonwealth
23 Nov 2025 — Wealthier nations are borrowing heavily, too. The United States of America owes $38 trillion, roughly 125% of its GDP. .."
I think I won the contest with intellectual blow.Then three day after a good Christian was forced to answer and apologized his conscience interrogated him the way he treated him as he was going to church.Then we reconciled.Anyway I won simple argument with intellectual blow.
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