Modern economic essays are shifting away from a narrow focus on traditional manufacturing toward "industries without smokestacks".
Key Sectors: These include tourism, agro-processing, horticulture, and IT services.
Economic Impact: These sectors mirror manufacturing by being tradable across borders and having high productivity, yet they are more accessible for Africa's current labor force.
Productivity Gap: Currently, agriculture and retail employ two-thirds of the workforce but remain the least productive sectors. Shifting labor toward these "smokestack-less" industries could generate rapid aggregate growth.
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