A LOVER'S BURDEN 9 B

dumbfounded.Genteel plucks,obstinate to keelhaul him dissuade whereon addiction she knows him too well wherein placidity he claims.Trembling vivacity beneath swing for a carteblanche of rollercoaster ride,kit with bloodlessdread cheers his catchet senses warm.And with ectasy karaokedanew,cackles to whom they cuddle beyond a kaput girth.With much vaulted chivalry their keystoned chiaroscuro was lo drawn hound he inoblivion of estranged spouse.And when he hath ceased this hullaballoo of apparition and prodigies,a tapestry kissogram of dreadful eyes,infused him to kit history with kilo-view of kindred spirit,knacked himto the recall.So was he irrascible as she stood streets,rollicking the grim promenade,for theillmannered twain.And his glossunshelved for the memoirs."if shebe coquette,does youan inkling?Cant you smell a rose or hell to recall?"he haggled and fled.And hatred's golden arrow manacled this feet."Dost the flirt she provokestthee to baulk at vantage?Why hast thou drown charity?"he pestered in refrain.

A LOVER'S BURDEN.PART 9A

batting an eyelid whereo bravado hardly a gulf dig to persuade him dire,hastening fleeted heels towards nirvana,ahoyed for freedom,in stormy waters.What masonic upon tempest seas doth he gavel freedom?And plunge he plunges,shall it not him be blushed where every assay betook him martyrdom and lion bearded with nirvana.Buccaneers with timorous yelping,at this brook of houhaha forth with bated breath.Charmed into the blah-blah consorts of an alien,he with apalled bimbos neither his wraith nor machismo

NAIVE SOMNAMBULIST.PART 1

Moisture humidifies,the Sun goes down and the moon returns at noon.The eliptical oval shall hang up the milky way,stuck as roisterer by teleology and determinism in the unflinching coefficient of expansion.Hung in my babel's tower,somnambulist reprobate,somnambulist renegade,shall be hung up in the perpendical holes of the assymetric galaxies.Naive somnambulist fortitude across pendulous girth rekindled brouhaha.And suspense warning soul fluttered to codswallop as cockcrows.Hercules pouts at mt.everest,at the comedy of manners warm they their cockleshell.Summerhouse,my abode,fraught with immaculate derelicts and somnambulists'comeupance.And everysloth fallen at the rendezvous of renegades,solicitude expunged as war danced and coats my musings abstrusive.Clandestine clouds of blue waves,clumped on hoitytoity.Dead in the seasmuddle,little did they now prowl bemused.Restless consonance of distant maws and somnambulist pleads succour where eyebrows and eyelids met.Nothing else but dreary eyes shut beneath titanic

A LOVER'S BURDEN.PART 8

Dough is gone into exile and back to the streets she plied her trade.Then at rumpus,she breaketh his etiolated chin.Sometimes,it is like a hoodwink until the glutton dies.And when quietus at the implosion of the menace the llth hour,brandishes ferocious matchet,of this fetor breaketh his fever.And now she breaks that chin and she comes to the fey,down from her fetish deportment.Fatuos receptacle,a fauxpas of public spectacle,exasperated by this exemplar exeunt this scorn to evanesce.Why then did she commence a wailing wall?Her folly a wiseacre that love maybe foolled?Wailing wall wails,for who hath she to dolour her dorky entwines that a night of karma be withered?Bardesquelly,the bard herein eulogises his lines:"Heypresto,he elopes,stumbles he thorns,pebbles his path.Some bruises by the feet,some crumples in boggy swamps,earless madmen,briggandage,raggamufins,runnest rowdy his thigh to make him refrain.Beat them hollow,breaketh their jar at the streams with the long drawn sword .Like the ambient's badger.

A LOVER'S BURDEN.PART 7

orbit,that he betwixt thee and the murky moon,then this apostasy the sun doth much steady alarm.What fie,what dejavus,cold and dry bun,thy image dunce,fermented statuettes in their neurosis,will derange you in your exiguous heels.Will thou not on thy pale,this karma bears?As enshrine hidden in the enshroud of mercilless grail,feelers on thee gazeth without compunction.What shall she forfeits?or should she forfeits him?With depredated depression,him mauled,her pretense goes dire.Both time's derelict,his intense to her wilful dinosaur.And from her twain hooks,hoodwink doth time stolen will alarm thee a domino effect"she alarms"some infecundity,some prodigals."Away to the reticence of the closet,where he hasteneth to her horse that as semantics might poke his eyes to legible plus.And to and fro they stampede,nag,snorts in this harrowing rascallion of double entendre,double dutched by her fairer sex,her unfurled doublecross.Now dosh is spent,her telepathy will oversway these emaciated dowels.And dough is amiss.

A LOVER'S BURDEN.PART 6

Conjoined twins are pearly gates,illustrious in the cosmos yet only footings seen.Copperbottomed by the blue sky,these wonders of contrite days and nights,withdraws mortals and martyrs through the sturdy but cranky eclipse and narcissism.Is thine own kismet to thine own crackpot not insulated?Being man enough frolic to woo thyself an esteem'd curlique,not in fibrillated curls which in curvaceous cutthroat,cannot be quenched by stormy nights.Deprive thyself of wanton heart as lightnings made to light a diversity.Narcisus,a deign which sinew must not deny to bankroll thyself with prevision.Over this cyclone,so thyself forsook today to earnestly steal thine own freedom.Damned with fumes of illbreddalliances,flung over dappled custom,daredevilish and daylight theftof thy solicitude to get the tied to direful nuptial knot.Why shouldest thou,o armschair critics in thy trigger,burning eyes in midday heat?This dishevelled esteem,deathbedridden anddeafmute,illustrious adorn.Windy ferns cannot withstand that celestial

A LOVER'S BURDEN.PART 5

What seest though thou in the basin?To feedon thy civvy chin,not bedimmed but bedewed,whereupon self esteem in its choleric coddling,flies into dingy space.Then wink,they wink and to wink,hardly do they crumpleto wink.Tenderest coccoon,robed with cock and bull,blue veined violets cockahoopedas cohorts of the unabashed plow.Colloquial web,patience a sand of time's monument,his collateral,coltish untimelydenies.Fair flowers as unfair roses prior prime rot and the lilies the sand of sahara cannot wade.Thou canst not stare time to eyeballs to wrinkle its compendious composure not the leanest or the intemperate,with composmentis fired at assymetrical bars.Fervidity,compound ferocities andconcatenate,quick in turning beautitudesas the heavenly moisture,dothfugacious grows,splashed onlandmines,concilliatory,eternal and concupiscence sovereign,to greedily burn bonemarrow.Not to condone its enchantment with fiery moist handthat palms hardly dissuade.Dancing on the fairy sands,naivetya windy fact and above teleological

A LOVER'S BURDEN.PART 3

What a gracious pneaumatic not poofed burning clocks not in vain adrift,a garden repertoire of unfair roses,which in its hoots,bred in tangled knot.Still they thumb and greedily thumb,for a golden thumb,thumbing their ethos.Hung over obscene hours,sullen lours and ill mannered frets.Twixt crimson deified,backward violet,where shypale sworn to swear by its immortal moist,And lo,a sleeky tease so sneeky a hoick shall pay earnest to carry over this burden of burning coals and currying coals to Newscastle.over which offers from unfair tongue did crave.The autumn's vapour bathes in gravy train,being wooed as supplicated from direful goddess of war.Twains at loggerheads still bud-crumpling,than this frenzy of sepuchral birds,whose sinewy neck in every jar,mammon did crotchety assuage.When acrimonious steel,fiendish lyrics obeyed,what prisoner of conscience.Prisoner in red but primrose chain doth to their coy disdains.Grumpysm so fair and white,yet to cling to alabaster,starrying night day,o brother what seest...

A LOVER'S BURDEN.PART TWO

These famished clues burn his bashful shame and seizeth duds on a sweltering palm.His trembling passion flicked his precedence of pith to do a damndest good and damndest evil,dry rot ired as coals for his furnace fire,with duly steed backward in the blue sky.This receptacle,him his selfgoverned lust,stalled the rider bent over his leaning elbows and arms akimbo.To chide her rumbling lips not to titivate and quench burning slingshots and saucy cheeks.The prince of passion with flighty decorum hardly blows them dry,with immodest amiss and bombastic rebut whose elusive perks murder intently.Camaraderie not drawn embrace to hatred the sword and the dagger,assault and battery where slothful mensrea touches with a barge pole.Then with murky sighs and golden trenchwarfare cast over her empty eagle,shaking wings that preyed perked brow.And discontent doth a new begins its crutch,wherein in this muddy orgy forced to content the varicose veins of the integers and then feedeth its heavenly moisture on this adorn.

A LOVER'S CHARM.PART 6

Quids the goddess of love,are made to love a lover's charm and a gracious fireproof upon which it is planted are the damsels'earth.Tis the nuptial knot,they hardly fizzle out.A seed sown is the lover's charm and hardly skunk over love sovereign goddess of muse it is sown.And now she weeps at his feet and calls him lord and he calls him bitch.Now was she servile to his wanton lewd,to seize love where it is bought to gazeth she on him with fondness and ecstasy of the gods.She feedeth on the humus of his filthy lucre,like a parasite,a flea to flippancy parade.Narcisus so he himself fathom someday surety slander vamoosed,would in thy palm not hardly melts.Slanderest sports waylaid where the gnomes of zurich wanderlust runaway.And not misty vapours,blot from the drowning the sky,where machismo substerfuged with obloque.Charles Dicken.

A LOVER'S CHARM.PART 5

The lovesick poppinjay;for where they could stroll,banters had usurped the funsport's funfare.What a skyjack of haymaker in gliding seasons! His feet ofnot all beers and skittles and paces of oaks dropped a stone and the distance betwixt ranting birds widened."In its wanton jest poked sheyou a pathos lover's verdict,for a contempt."A buzz volleyed from the rear,reticence a stone up,andracketeered with reiterated pat."Though your lips be fair,famishedof lucre the goddess of lover's charm.To get the dough on her petite charm and juicy sport,squander it for the atonement."And lo,taciturn obstreperous him,copiously raced after his steely passion."O strumpet,we've got quid too"saith he"come and merry for the love of a woman and thebottle of wine".Heypresto,her fanatical,heretical,hypocritical bent moon away,roistered over the moon.And the dingdong meritocratic heartily swung and doughs flung over her face,to salute atonement.Alehouse was smitten with arse wagging,bumfondling,roving eyes and salacious rumbles.

A LOVER'S CHARM.PART 4

In their nip and tuck,blazes the two trojan horses,eyeballs to eyeballs,still adamantine,hardly his nibble content her nitty gritty.At crispy fugacity,she stamps on ground her noveletish feet like a novella to stump her dithering posture.Still in the numb of primrose,those nuances overflow their bank and sallow prevision knoweth he that quids goddess of love numbs her reciprocate.His oblique perversion wanton to toy obstinately boor him with obloquy." Touch but not with a barge pole or a tenthfootpole my distance and i will strike who dare grant you lever to make entreaties to love?Is thine own eyes hazy and defiled whereon obstinacy as choking recalcitrant heels choke the pleading tongue?Where i'll be far away in the summer thou shalt therein be strangulated with dementia"she holds her breath to pace away in a huff.Ogreish offstreet lurks in his ogle,thus the promenade not set offstage mongering her gait that barely the goddess of brawn and brawl.By this perspiration,as if like a genetic durress harrangued,

A LOVER'S CHARM.PART 3

not drool like she,a duchess of dudgeon.In his dottylike pretense as if repressed by dotage to dote upon her pantomimes of obliges bathes in ramrod where her dobbin's dock fondled with dithering doggone,O prevision,how a lover's uncharms a virago as it does the coquette!And when her freak of nature was burnt to a frazzle from being worn to a frazzle.'Eureka'gan he jubilate bold hearted twain,still tis but a lucre she dithers why art she gadfly?Over her customised garb,she did blow the gaff in her contending gaffes.To ensnare him not ovation of gallery players to protest theft of freedom for a gala of hedonistic modus viviendi.Dances she dances on her resolve makes him melt to see her dressed in borrowed plumes but the luxuriating vogue ofwomensfolk.Two poppycock flexing brawns over the windy passion;a poppinjay of porky poof whose deigns hardly eludes him.And a popsy whose poohpooh popped him at the plummet.What a lucid staying power!Drumbeat now did him portly nestled for the love of a damsel and a bottle

A LOVER'S CHARM.PART TWO

of a lover's charm,resplendently skulking in the flight of its devouring vulture.Rosy,beautiful sky cannot contend when the skywriting eagles,emitting vapours and the falconers'falcons fly,in this all devouring hassle and infernal ramshackle,on briddlepaths with horrendous beaks.To hack them in tangled knots wherein vilous torch be so infecund,to rebuff and refrain stroke of lightnings in their wings.Nor even their mumbojumbo dialects,the winds barely speak,in their devious charms of devise and bequeath.Deviant flights,a dingdong devoutly adorns their heels,not for one notch,did diminuendo,crystal balls,in crescendo.To scold dexterity and despatch romance where buying impulses romance the streets.Lover's charm esteems the golden charm's espousal.Do not refrain.Then she drowns him drudgery and over her drools,he cannot contend,when she drops her clanger.Neither was she a mastery of a drooping like hotpotato nor will she fathom to gale him dead.And whe she contends,he doth anewfilips to contend.But not to drool

A LOVER'S CHARM.PART ONE

The jungle of sight cannot see,what the mind does and what profussion of this beguiling sport loathed with sated satiety? What a notoriety of a chess?What cross purposes? What cross purposes? Strictly they impound,strictly they impound.What cross examination's curfew,time and space glide on your curio to curl you from the darts of the bluemoon's dappled colours.What famished dartboard dashed for from its sweatening pores?Trembling beatnik from impaired carcass,deadbeatened crows,deadbeatened in quirky passion.Not being deadend so engulfed deface doth deface her deign.Nimbly time descried her couch of charming orbit,overaching yards,slung over earth's sovereign muse.Desirously so desirously so plunge she desirously this patina of civility,Over pruned detrop,this arcane of angst lusty dice deuced.To be pouted in a leadened sprite,verily,verily toyed.Drat it she shred in her plume a dream boat,dripping wet for her lover's charm.And skunk seduction being sloshed from sunrise to sunset they turn on the goddess of

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 144

in 1900.There,he also showed dreams are not only random but are also wish fulfilments.The process of converting latent dream thoughts into manifest dream aspect Freud called Dream Work.His psychoanalysis was extremely influential in the 1920s,including theory of unconscious had massive in art and literature.He influenced the surrealism of the 1920s when 1924, Andre Breton published the " surrealistic manifesto",he concluded that art should come from the unconscious.This implies that artist should strives toward superrealism when they derive the most liberal inspiration from his dreams and latent images.Given that a dream is a little work of art,requires a comprehension of its denselanguage of symbols,to interpret them.Freud can be very difficult to grasp,leading to further evolution of the field of psychology.We treated sofar a basic premise and a criticalcompendium of the western evolution of philosophical thoughts though we have not included the critiques whatsoever.We come to the end of marathon treatise.NICOLO MACHIAVELLI.

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In the descriptive evaluation of the human mind,he concluded the conscious constitutes a miniature of the human mind like iceberg's tip above the sea level.What about the ocean itself below threshold or the sea level the unconscious and the subconscious.Our experience stayed below the sea level almost all the time.We recall them when we need them and he calls them preconscious.Things repressed because they were improper,bad or nasty were regarded unconscious.Freud operates with several mechanisms and one of them parapraxis or slips of the tongue.That is we say or accidentally do those things we try to repress.People suffer neurosis and a neurotic person is the one that tries to keep unpleasant out of his consciousness.He used free association to aid patient free themselves from neurosis.He also said the royal road to the unconscious is the dream.That our unconscious tries to communicate and interact with our conscious through dreams.He shows this axiom in the main work The Interpretation Of Dreams,published

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 142

of sexual drive is one sample.In describing the human mind,he drives home his concept of pleasure principle or id being regulated in relation to reality principle.We grew up with moral burden concerning repression of desire.Sometimes,harsh parental judgements that once declared us naughty could have a lasting impression on later years.When we are grown up,it still reechoes and the expectation of such moral burden or demand.This part of us Freud called Superego and is a component part of the human conscience.It tells us when our desires are good or bad,proper or improper.He said,improper desires especially such as eroticism started at childhood and any chastisement turns to a later guilt and a child grew up with the guilt feeling of such sexual desire.Since this guilt feelings remain in the superego,people feel guilty all their lives.They battled lifelong conflict between guilt and crave.Freud's patients suffered this challenge and such acute affliction led them to develop a condition he called neurosis.

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during his practice of psychotherapy.He had empirical evidences for the diverse forms of neurosis or psychological disorders traced back to childhood problems.He developed a therapy what he called archaelogy of the soul through which an archaelogist searches for distant past traces through cultury history layers.In the same way psychoanalyst with patients' help can dig into that patient mind and unearth or bring to light experiences buried in patient mind that caused psychological disorder.He believe we store all experiences inside us,good or bad.Hence,the analyst can discover bad experience affecting the patient but suppressed for many years.By discoverying it and bring it to the consciousness of the patient mind will get him or her well or whole again.In the exposition of human drives,he says our our actions are often not driven by reason.That man is not a rational creature as the 18th century rationalists loved to think.The irrational impulses drive our action without webeing aware of them.The human factor

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 140

to say that nothing mattered,because he says there was no innate meaning to life.A nihilist is a person who think nothing means anything.That if life must have meaning an imperative,then it is the individual who must interpret that real meaning into his or her life,because he or she exist to create that life.His patner Simone de Beauvoir published in 1949 her main work The Second Sex and she applied feminism to existentialism.Sigmund Freud born in 1856 studied medicine at the university of Vienna.He lived in Vienna for the larger part of his life especially when the city was culturally blossoming.He started early with neurology and later moved onto his patent discovery indeph psychology or parapsychology.Psychoanalysis is a description of the human mind,a therapy for nervous and mental disorders.He says there is a constant tension between man and his environs.There is tension or conflict particularly between human drives,Maslowian needs and the societal demands.He discovered infants'sexual drive during his

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART I39

he brought Atheism into existentialism and met his patner Simone de Beauvoir in a cafe.Hence his allegiance was atheistic existentialism and did make a merciless analysis of human situation which Nietzsche call God Is Dead'.He believed man's existence is much more important than anything else and no man has such innate nature.That man must therefore be the creator of himself and the essence that is not fixed in advance.Man has no such eternal nature to fall upon and a useless thing to search for life meaning in general.We are doomed like artists to improvise,with no lines,no scripts to act upon.When we realise tha one day we will die there is no meaning to life to cling to.Man he says feels alien in this world without meaning and he says man's freedom is a curse.Man is condemned to be freed and nevertheless free,given that he has not created himself.There are no eternal values to ascribe,which makes our choices critical and man must disclaim responsibility for his actions.He was not a nihilist even though

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 138

within same species,in addittion to a large number of progeny.The Origin Of Species caused bitter controversies reverberated the continent and sharply divided the scientific community and the church.When in I871 he published The Descent Of Man in he drew attention to the significant similarities between man and animals that both evolved from same progenitor,not much protests were made compared to 1859.He covered a lot of ground that we might not be able to cover here due to time and space.Before rounding up with Freud,let me briefly touch German Friedrich Nietzsche ( 1844-1900) who had a great influence on twentieth century.He too took Hegel as point of departure and the German historicism.He popularised the term" God is dead"and a member of existentialist school of thought alongside Schlegel,Schiller and Jean Paul Sartre.Others include Irishman Samuel Becket,Eugene Ionesco, Albert Camus,Simone de Beauvoir.They had great influence beginning from forties till date especially on drama.Jean Paul brought into

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 137

grand father had suggested plants and animal species had descended from some few primitive species.This suggestion he captured as the first thesis and then the second thesis that evolution was the natural consequence of natural selection.In the book,he wrote."The elephant is reckoned the slowest breeder of all known animals'but if it had six young and survived to a hundred after a period of from 740 to 750 years there would be nineteen million elephants alive descended from the first pair " of that animal specie.That even among animal of same species,the struggle is the hardest and very little slightest changes or minute variations will lead to intense transformations over the long haul.The bitter the struggle the bitter the survival leading to quicker evolution of the new species.The consequence of continual selection will be that the best adapted to an environment will continue to perpetuate that race in that environment.So,the raw material of evolution will be the continual variation of individuals within

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 136

Benjamin Franklin,inventor of light conductor and another American polymath like Alexander Hamilton,had made a strong point that if they were no limiting factor in nature,one single species of plant or animal would spread over the entire planet.But because there are diverse species,they keep each other in balance." Obviously this influenced Malthus to propound the malthusian theory of world population.He propounded that mankind's capability is excessively great to procreate that opportunity avails that there more children born than can survive.Given the fact that the production of food can never keep pace with population increase,he believed huge proportion were doomed to die in the existential struggle.This categorical appraisal became the icing on the cake and the universal mechanism,he was looking for and it explains how natural selection in the struggle for life happens.We examined that in the first book The Origin Of Species,two theories were proposed such as suggested by Erasmus Darwin,Darwin's grand

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 135

The comparison of embryo development in mammals such as dogs,rabbits,rats,bats,goats and humans at early stage is clear proof and hard to deny that we are distant relatives.From the study of Lyell,to the study of French Zoologist,Jean De Lamarck,who had claimed,it was theory of heredity of acquired characteristic that was responsible for species' environmental adaption.For instance Giraffe had evolved long necks for generations,because they had stretched up necks for leaves for years inthe trees.Still rejected his claims and had no proof of how evolution occur.So he had the formula,by the time he had coined the words:"Natural Selection"meaning survival of the fittest.He had pointed out no speciesare exactly the same so that nature produces magnitude and enormous variations.He could not imagined how natural selection takes place.Not until 1838 october two years after his return on the beagle,he came across a book An Essay On The Principle Of Population by Thomas Malthus,the father of mordern population study.BARUCH SPINOZA

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 134

Let me go back to the voyage,before Darwin set to sail on the Beagle,he was armed with the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles Of Geology.In that great book Lyell postulated the present earth's geology with massive mountains and valleys was natural consequence of endless,long and tardy evolution.That even small changes could cause big geological upheavals,if we consider the considerable period of time that has elapsed.This also apply to the same forces prevalent with weather,wind,melting ice,volcano,earthquakes,ground level elevations and many more today.He believed a similar tiny changes and gradual changes over the course of time could alter the form or face of nature entirely.Then on galapagos island,he made the same conclusion and there he became the darwinist.His conviction was also strengthened by the fact that fauna there bore robust semblance to many species he witnessed in South America.Then he withdrew his support from hagiological in favour of evolution.But as to how evolution had occurred,

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 132

Darwin's scientific voyage contributed new and elaborate data in the area of biological evolutionary argument specifically fosrils'stratified deposits in rock layers.It also touches the geographic locality and distribution of living species.Galapagos Island West of Ecuador produced the most interesting discoveries.There,there are a diverse group of volcanic islands and therefore not a great differences between plants and animal life there.Still,he observed the tiny different,in measure must be measured to reach maximum ratio.He met giant tortoises slightly different from one Island to the other island.Bird life also took his attention on the Galapagoswhose finches varied from place to place,in terms of beak's paved way to the discovery of how they pick their different food ondiffered islands.With steeply profiled beaks the ground finches lived on pine cone seeds,little warbler finches feed on insects,and ontermites live the tree finches extracted from stalks,branches and bark.Each species'beak perfectly made confucius in china

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 133

He said the journey no doubt was the most significant event of his life.They crossed the entire coast of south america back and forth.This gave many opportunities to gain territorial insight into the region and the trips to Galapagos Islands,in the South America's Pacific West out of many exciting forays was particularly interesting,a special kind with a decisive importance.He collects vast amount of fossils and materials sent back to England.He returned home at the age of twenty seven,kept his reflection on the theory of evolution and life still to himself.He later found himself renowned in this uncharted terrain and as a cautious man,fitting of a good scientist,waited for many years before the publication of the revolutionary ideas.In 1859,when he published "The Origin Of Species",erupted the most heated debate ever mused in England.Its full title(that depicts the complete resume of the theory)On The Origin Of Species By Means Of Natural Selection Or The Preservation Of Races In The Struggle For L

ife.

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Fitzroy,who has been commissioned by the government to survey the southern coasts of South America.I have that i consider you to be the best qualified person i know of who is likely to undertake such a situation.As far as the financial side of it is concerned,I have no notion."He concluded that the voyage will last two years and the rest for Darwin as they say is history.We couldnt recall often gloriously the ignorant teacher,a bagatelle but history barely rebuke the most illustrious son of geology that England and the world ever had.Darwin's father after giving his consent was he who financed the voyage.By December 27,1831,the ship the naval vessel H.M.S Beagle sailed from Plymouth bound to south america and not until I836 October before it returned.It was wonderful and surprising how a two years trip to South America turned out to be voyage around the world.It extended from South America to sails across the Pacific to New Zealand, Australia and South Africa.Then sailed back to South America and later home.

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He was accused of messing around with stuffs,not doing the slightest bits useful for himself,fooling himself and wasting precious time.That is not cramming latin verbs and Greek as was the norm during the day and flying around collecting bees of all kinds.Why wouldnt the ignorant teacher regret it later?Even when he was studying theology,where he later got poor grade,he was far more interested in bird watching and collecting insects of all various types for research.When he was at college,he earned the reputation as natural scientist in the field of geology which was the most expansive science of the period.And as soon as he graduated from Cambridge in April 1831,went to North Wales to do research on fossils and study rock formations.When he was barely twenty three years old,in the August of that year,he received a letter from a friend John Steven Henslow that later transformed the direction of his life.John wrote his friend:"I have been requested.......to recommend a naturalist to go as companion to Captain

PHILOSOPHERS' STONE.PART 129

.He was buried at Westminister Abbey.So,their paths crossed in time and space and infact Marx wanted to dedicate the English version of his magnum opus'Das Kapital"to him but what a great honour that Darwin declined.Shortly after Marx death, Friedrich Engels said"As Darwin discovered the theory of organic evolution,so Marx discovered the theory of mankind's historical evolution.In the same way,the presocratic looked for natural analysis of the natural processes and distanced themselves from the illogicity of ancient mythologies and hagiological view of creation, Darwin through Darwinism also sought extensively to distinguish himself.He was able to distinguish himself from church or biblical view of creation,beast and man.He was a natural scientist and biology,and challenged biblical view of creation.He was born in Shrewsbury a little town in 1809 to a father Dr.Robert Darwin a renowned local physician.He was rebuked despite the strict upbringing,by unknown teacher his headmaster at a local grammar school .

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We shall soon be rounding up the synopsis of the longest running marathon treatise ever written by an African or Blogger boy on philosophy.It is also the longest running series of any historical treatise and marathon treatise respectively worldwide.This should earn the blogger the most erudite philosopher blogger in the black continent.To round off this metaedition and whose ebook will soon be available the last three greatest philosophers we shall be treating includes mainly Marx, Darwin and Freud.But for the special treat,Marx's article or those on Marxism will be ommittedand treated specially under Marx,Hegel,Marxism and Neomarxism and could be a tenthousand words thrillerunlike this more than 130,000 words philosophers stone.This remains only Darwin and Freud respectively to close the curtain.Charles Darwin died inLondon in 1882 a yearafter Marx died where he lived the last 34 years of his life and he moved there in 1849.When Darwin died,he was buried with pomp and pageantry of a renowned English son .

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ethical stage requires a moral push to the third stage the religious stage,there are others interested in making a leap because they are not satisfied with ethic stage,then they made the new leap into religious stage that is christianity as kierkegaard put it as "the only path to redemption.When people are tired with the same sort of everyday routine or due to fatigue reaction even to dutiful person,they made the leap while others relapse back into the reflective life of the aesthete,not let go retentive memory.Existential stage transition appeals to critical choices that mankind makes in life.Unlike Kant's ethic of duty and abidance by the law of morals,man must make decision whether wrong or right.Both drew attention to the importance of human temperament,the main concern of the aesthete is whether the stage is boring or not.The Danish philosopher flourished widely in the twentieth century and with the birth of existentialism meaning philosophy of action,the cultural epoch took on another mode entirely.

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he was often brutal with his verdict and could remark the superficial approach and illbred nature of the crowd as the untruth or that truth is in the minority.He postulated also the three different stages of life.He lives for the moment he who lives at the aesthetic stage and grasp every momentarily enjoyment and opportunity.The person is bound by senses and desires and at this stage you can experience sense of dread and feelings of emptiness.A person who has an aesthetic or reflective approach to even sorrow and suffering is living at the aesthetic stage.Henrik Ibsen's Peer Gynt portrays a typical aesthete.This shows there is hope for the existential condition of the man-artist andposibility of transiting to higher stage.It may happens or maynot.The choice that causes a person to leap into ethical or religiousstage from aesthetic stage must come from within.If you have read Dostoevsky's great novel Crime And Punishment,it mirrors how existential choice arises from determination or need.While the second stage

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of existentialism.This means a thinker that through his own philosophical reflections mirror his entire existence.Kierkeegard in 1841 went to Berlin to attend Schelling lectures,sat alongside Marx under the same roof.He never met Hegel who had died a decade before Kierkeegard rose to prominence.He battled the sort of Hegelian objective truths and argued it was totally irrelevant to individual private life.He advises meaningful kind of truths that can transform a person's life.He made mockery of Hegel,when he quotes him on his analysis for the entire mystory of life.That Hegel has in distraction,forgotten his own name and his nature as mere mortal.He was not interested in the tiring analysis of human nature but most important thing was human existence.Both Budha and Kieerkeegard share the existentialist mode of thinking.He was fond of the belief only personal truths were important and that truth is subjective.Things we can know through reason and knowledge are temporarily not important.With sharp pen andtongue

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The climax of philosophy and then turn around of philosophical reflections took place after Hegel.Kierkeegard and Marx took their point of departure from him.We shall focus first on kierkeegard.Soren Kierkeegard born in 1813 endured strict upbringing as a kid under his father.Kierkeegard was absolutely irritated by the Hegelian approach that focus too much on the broad scope of history.He saw Hegel and the Romanticists as birds of the same feathers flock together.He thought that the obscurity of the of the individual's responsibility for his own was caused by the idealistic philosophy of Romanticism and the Hegel's historicism.He began his theological study at age 17 but was later absorbed by the philosophical reflection of the latter years.His dissertation"On The Concept Of Irony,"for his master's degree was written at age twenty seven.He posited Socratic irony instead and challenged Romantic Irony and their noncommited play with illusion.Kierkegaard called Socrates Existential thinker and became the founder

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He says it is not the individuals that find it but the world spirit itself and becomes conscious of itself in the individual.It passes through three stages to become conscious of itself and this include the first stage when it becomes conscious of itself in the individual.He calls this stage of world spirit subjective spirit and later reaches a higher mode of consciousness ranging from family,civil society and state.He classifies that as objective spirit,given that it shares interaction with people.Then the third stage being absolute spirit where the world soul attains the highest point of self realisation.The tripod of art,religion and philosophy composes the absolute spirit and through the world soul philosophy is able to mirror the world.Of course Hegel was critical of the individual and individual institution and saw every existence as the sum total of only world spirit.There is no doubt that philosophy after Hegel took another mode entirely.The end of great philosophical systems also started under him.

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this process he called dialectical process.When the Eleatics had proposed a claim,Hegel regarded the standpoint a thesis and then the rise of contradictory thought to oppose that claim,he called it negation.Herarclitus for instance and he wasthe negation of eleatic philosophy.Now the tension between these contradictory thoughts with the emergence of empedocles who argued both were partly right and partly wrong.The standpoint of the Empedocles was what he called negation of the negation.Thenhe called the three stages of dialectical process mainly thesis,antithesis and synthesis.For instance,Descartes'rationalism was contradicted by Hume's empirical antithesis and eventually resolved by the synthesis of kant.Dont forget that new synthesis would also be contradicted by new antithesis and this suggests that the growth of world spirit is fundamentallynurtured by the interactive forces of dialectical process.With this formula,he believed he had uncovered basic law for the development of human reason or world soul.

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falsehood.It maybe antihistorical way of thinking to declare Aritotelian,platonic as well as any philosophy of the antiquity falsehood.Neither can one fault Descartes thought or Hume or brand Kant's false and Schelling right.Something new is often being added,as reason progresses and human knowledge expand exponentially.That world spirit has evolved from Socrates to Descartes,from Plato to Kant.In the same in Platonic and Neoplatonic had been critiqued,kant too also get critiqued.Those reason by agregate and collectively become the subject of future criticism.So,Hegel claimed that history deals with the growth of world spirit that comes into consciousness of itself.That world spirit being conscious of its intrinsic value was driven by prime forces of human culture and human development.Then world spirit is developing into ever explosive knowledge of itself.To graphically treats the rise and fall of human thoughts and how a thought previously proposed is opposed by latter thought in the opposing tensions,

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Given its all encompassing and diversified,we shall be content with the main aspects of Hegel's work and the basic method he expoused for the understanding of historical progress.Every philosophical system before him has attempted to set eternal criteria for the limit of human knowledge and research basis of human cognition.Consequently they share opinion and made declarations about timeless factor of human knowledge about the world.However he believed differently that the basis of human cognition changes from generation to generation and therefore no timeless reason and no eternal truths.That the only fixed point philosophy of mankind ordinarily holds onto is nothing but history.And to Hegel,history was likened to a river whose running tiny movement in the water body at a given point rises and falls.That in terms of philosophical reflection,reason is a process and also dynamic.Truth follows the same process,given that there are no eternal benchmark beyond historical process for the determination of truth and

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He became a don in Heidelberg,the Center of national Romanticism,but first became an asistant professor in Jena.It was in 1818 when he was appointed a Professor in Berlin when the city was spiritual center of the movement and Europe.Prior to his death in 1831 by cholera, Hegelianism had become a household name in almost all German Universities.Though he united almost every idea of the movement but he was sharply critical of them too.This including Schelling,like other Romanticists who enthused that life deepest meaning lay in 'world spirit'.When he uses the term,he uses it differently and he defines it to mean the sum total of human utterances due to the fact only man has a spirit.Then he speaks of world spirit progress throughout history,refering to human life,human thought,human culture.He barely believed man could attain clear cognition of nature's deepest secrets and admitted existence of unattainable truths.He reasoned sharply truth is subjective and no truth exist beyond human reason and all knowledge.

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they see world soul in popular culture but that world spirit was viewed as an ego operative in a dreamless state that created everything.While Philosopher Fichte says nature stems from bigger unconscious imagination Schelling concludes that the world is in God.God is aware of some of it and could fathom to even think some aspects of nature is unknown in God,including the dark side of deity.The artist and his work could be embelished in the same light.Using moral vehicle like fairy tales,gave Romantic writer a freerole to hone their universe creating imaginative bias either by innate force or by hypnotic trance during penmanship or versification.Then he destroys illusion as he writes to intervene in the story and address to the reader the burdensome comments momentarily.This would make the writer to realise the mystic power of the pen,and be who he was in the manipulation of fictional universe.This disillusion form they call it Romantic Irony.In Peer Gynt,letting out one of the character Herik Ibsen says

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They also saw language as an organism.Infact,the entire material world like a poetic work was a living organism.Hence,no sharp contrast exist in between them and they bear testimony to the vivid presence of world spirit in people,culture not just popular culture as nature and art.They collected folksongs from distant lands,captioned as the ebulient voices of the people,of which Herder was their preeminent forerunner.He said folktales was the mothertongue of the people.For instance,Brother's Grimm and a host of others collected folk songs and fairy tales in Heidelberg.We refer in this case to Grimm's fairy tales and in Norway,evidences that Asbjornsen and Moe collected folktales were foolproof nationwide.This enabled more intense scientific study of local language.It also led to rediscovery of old Norwegian myths and sagas from heathen times.This influenced composers all over Europe to begin to infuse their songs and incorporate folk melodies into them,improving their compositions.It bridged gap between both, THOMAS AQUINAS BELOW

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Romanticism exudes unity and strengthened the feeling of national identity.And it was no coincidence that was instrumental to the succesful Norwegian struggle at gotten national independence in 1814.Based on the orientation,in diverse areas,Romanticism is subdivided into two mainly Universal Romanticism and then National Romanticism.Those aspect of Universal Romanticism refer Romantic sect which were basically preoccupied with nature,world soul and the world of artistic genius.It first blossomed in the town of Jena in Germany as far back as 1800.The last one grew in popularity a bit later,to become the household name,as it flourished first from the town of Heidelberg.They deal with the history of the people,folktales,peoples' language and culture in general.That people like petals of flowers,unfolding homegrown and innate potentiality,were seen as organism,exactly like history and nature.This Keyword'Organism'united the two schools of thoughts and they saw plant and nation as typical living organism.

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Romanticism exudes unity and strengthened the feeling of national identity.And it was no coincidence that was instrumental to the succesful Norwegian struggle at gotten national independence in 1814.Based on the orientation,in diverse areas,Romanticism is subdivided into two mainly Universal Romanticism and then National Romanticism.Those aspect of Universal Romanticism refer Romantic sect which were basically preoccupied with nature,world soul and the world of artistic genius.It first blossomed in the town of Jena in Germany as far back as 1800.The last one grew in popularity a bit later,to become the household name,as it flourished first from the town of Heidelberg.They deal with the history of the people,folktales,peoples' language and culture in general.That people like petals of flowers,unfolding homegrown and innate potentiality,were seen as organism,exactly like history and nature.This Keyword'Organism'united the two schools of thoughts and they saw plant and nation as typical living orga

nism.

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Romanticism exudes unity and strengthened the feeling of national identity.And it was no coincidence that was instrumental to the succesful Norwegian struggle at gotten national independence in 1814.Based on the orientation,in diverse areas,Romanticism is subdivided into two mainly Universal Romanticism and then National Romanticism.Those aspect of Universal Romanticism refer Romantic sect which were basically preoccupied with nature,world soul and the world of artistic genius.It first blossomed in the town of Jena in Germany as far back as 1800.The last one grew in popularity a bit later,to become the household name,as it flourished first from the town of Heidelberg.They deal with the history of the people,folktales,peoples' language and culture in general.That people like petals of flowers,unfolding homegrown and innate potentiality,were seen as organism,exactly like history and nature.This Keyword'Organism'united the two schools of thoughts and they saw plant and nation as typical living organism.

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Romanticism exudes unity and strengthened the feeling of national identity.And it was no coincidence that was instrumental to the succesful Norwegian struggle at gotten national independence in 1814.Based on the orientation,in diverse areas,Romanticism is subdivided into two mainly Universal Romanticism and then National Romanticism.Those aspect of Universal Romanticism refer Romantic sect which were basically preoccupied with nature,world soul and the world of artistic genius.It first blossomed in the town of Jena in Germany as far back as 1800.The last one grew in popularity a bit later,to become the household name,as it flourished first from the town of Heidelberg.They deal with the history of the people,folktales,peoples' language and culture in general.That people like petals of flowers,unfolding homegrown and innate potentiality,were seen as organism,exactly like history and nature.This Keyword'Organism'united the two schools of thoughts and they saw plant and nation as typical living organism.

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from lifelessness to complex forms.They saw nature as organism evolving its innate potentials like roses and flowers growing and protruding their petals.They combined the distinction of the Aristelian extractions and Neoplatonic overtones.The latter had a better organic view of natural process than the scholarship of mechanical materialists could muster.It also reverberated by research into the field of history.The historical philosopher Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) was very influential in this context of scholarship.He says history is influenced by continuity,evolution and design and his dynamic perspective of history is informed by the distinction to see history as a mechanical process.They do not have a static view of history unlike the enlightenment philosophers'prejudice of postulating one universal reason could be extant at various periods.He showed that as each nation has its own soul and character in the same way,each historical epoch has its own intrinsic value.The philosophy of the

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man draws from the mystery of the world,according to Novalis,of the whole universe that he bears within himself.Therefore with this prejudice,indulging in the tripod of poetry,nature study and philosophy.Hence that form a sythesis,as they sat in their serene hours,both philosophising and dashing off inspired verses and similarly bent on nature study.They massively investigated nature given their belief that nature is not a dead mechanism but an absolute spirit.When Norwegian born naturalist Henrik Stephens who was called Norways'departed laurel leaf'by Wergeland because he settled in Germany went to Copenhagen,he was driven by the absolute spirit to lecture his audience on Romanticism.He reechoed Novalis when he said" Tired of the eternal efforts to light our waythrough raw matter,we choseanother way........"that is they sought embrace infinite by reachinginside ourselves to create a newworld.It was Schelling who saw development from nature earth and rock to the humanmind.This included the slow transition

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They were also influenced by Jacob Bohme and being pantheists they experienced the notion of divine ego in nature.If Descartes and Hume had drawn a sharp contrast between ego and extended reality and kant too left a sharp contrast between cognitive ' i ' and nature itself,the emergent Romanticists crusaded that nature is nothing than one big 'i'.They also popularised the expression"world spirit or world soul.Schelling(1775-1854)a leading Romantic philosopher craved to unite mind and matter and that all of nature physical reality and human soul is the expression of one absolute or world spirit.He concluded that nature is visible and spirit invisible nature,giving that one senses a structuring spirit everywhere in nature.He says matter is slumbering intelligence and saw world spirit both in nature and the human mind.That the natural and spiritual forces are expression of the absolute spirit.Just like Novalis says'the path of mystery leads inwards.' That by stepping inside himself,only then man draws from

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They approached life with belicose and antimiddle class instincts and could refer landladies and police as philistines.They were like hippies popular about a hundred and fifty years ago.We have both Byron a Romantic Poet who provided the age with its idol byronic hero,alien,lonely,rebellious, and then Shelley also poets,both Romanticists of the so called satanic school.Novalis died young because his girlfriend at the age of fourteen was much younger when he died.In 1774 the Sorrows Of Young Werther written by Goethe shot up suicide rate in Germany after its publication.Infact it was banned in Norway and Denmark.Many of them died young and they yearned for nature's mysteries.Rouseau's introduction of back to nature jolted them from doldrums.Hence they gave that slogan bothpopular currency and undiluted frequency.They call Romanticism rebirth of the old cosmic consciousness and then the Romanticists traced back their root to Spinoza and then Plotinus in the antiquity and renaisance scholars like Giordano Bruno.

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of 19th century.While the Enlightenment was begun in Paris, Romanticism took its toll in Germany.The Romanticists saw themselves,given that he established the limit of what man can know of"das Ding an sich".They preached unbriddled ego worship and that led to glorification of artistic genius.Beethoven was a great artist musician and he composed the moonlight sonata and fifth symphony.Unlike Baroque artists like Handel and Bach,expresses feelings and longings himself freely as a free artist.They placed more importance on art and human cognition,philosophy,poetry,drama etc.Sometimes,we are overwhelmed at the history of a great work of art,both the humanists and Renaisance Artists.The importance of art to human cognition and likened artist to a musician making up his own rules and play.He had universe creating imagination and transports artistic rapture to sense the dissolving boundary betwixt dream and reality.It started as urban phenomenon and the typical Romantics were young university students and truants.

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Finally,kant was a major influence and inspiration to the scholarship of Romanticism.He succeeded in liberating scholars from the philosophical impasse and intellectual bickerings,divided between rationalism and empiricism.With kant's exit plan,the history of the great philosophy finally came to end.He died in 1804 when romanticism was begun.In its graveyard inscription in konigsberg:"Two things filled my mind with ever increasing wonder and awe the more often and more intensely the reflection dwells on them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me."kant advocated like Maynard Keynes the establishment of the failed League Of Nation-.He said it in his treatise Perpetual Peace,that all nations should unite in a league of nations for the greater progress of the world.The league of nation was born in 1795 125 years after this publication.It was replaced by United Nation at the end of second world war.Romanticism was Europe's last student uprising and was begun by the end of 18th century to the

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Finally,kant was a major influence and inspiration to the scholarship of Romanticism.He succeeded in liberating scholars from the philosophical impasse and intellectual bickerings,divided between rationalism and empiricism.With kant's exit plan,the history of the great philosophy finally came to end.He died in 1804 when romanticism was begun.In its graveyard inscription in konigsberg:"Two things filled my mind with ever increasing wonder and awe the more often and more intensely the reflection dwells on them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me."kant advocated like Maynard Keynes the establishment of the failed League Of Nation-.He said it in his treatise Perpetual Peace,that all nations should unite in a league of nations for the greater progress of the world.The league of nation was born in 1795 125 years after this publication.It was replaced by United Nation at the end of second world war.Romanticism was Europe's last student uprising and was begun by the end of 18th century to the

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The difference between wrong and right would be judged by the virtue of human reason.And it has nothing to do with sentiment,concluded in the same way as the rationalists.The form of reason to be used in this context to give the intelligence and discretionary capacity that is practical reason.Our ability to perceive everything that have causal relation must be accessible to the universal moral laws.The moral and physical laws share same absolute validity.He formulates as categorical imperative moral law and being formal precedes human experience.Being 'categorical' means it applies to every situation and 'imperative' means absolutely authorative.Moral law shares similar universality appeal as the law ofcausality.It is unalterable,immortaland cannot be proved.Of course,when kant describes moral law,he is really describinghuman conscience.Yet we cannot prove whatour consciencetell us.He believes everything obeys the law of causality,thatdefy free will.As earthlings,we are at the mercy of this unbreakable law.

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cannot perceive and prove natural laws and later likened them to the laws of human cognition.Philosophers before Kant had been puzzled by the big questions tearing literatis apart such as discusion on immortal soul,the existence of God,the finiteness or infiniteness of the universe,the chemical composition of nature,be it by atom or the indivisible particles.He defied certainty and clarity on the knowledge to be mustered in resolving the big questions.Unlike Descartes,Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas,rejected the proofs about the existence of God.The world must have been spiraled from something and something cannot come from nothing.Everything happens through the necessity of natural law.Both reason and experience cannot be used to prove that existence.And where both fall short,the vacuum left behind can be filled with faith.This mensrea was bent due to originality of the initiative and the attempt to preserve the basis of his christian faith.A weighty big question that is left to the discretion of the individual

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cannot perceive and prove natural laws and later likened them to the laws of human cognition.Philosophers before Kant had been puzzled by the big questions tearing literatis apart such as discusion on immortal soul,the existence of God,the finiteness or infiniteness of the universe,the chemical composition of nature,be it by atom or the indivisible particles.He defied certainty and clarity on the knowledge to be mustered in resolving the big questions.Unlike Descartes,Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas,rejected the proofs about the existence of God.The world must have been spiraled from something and something cannot come from nothing.Everything happens through the necessity of natural law.Both reason and experience cannot be used to prove that existence.And where both fall short,the vacuum left behind can be filled with faith.This mensrea was bent due to originality of the initiative and the attempt to preserve the basis of his christian faith.A weighty big question that is left to the discretion of the individual

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foremost modes of perception and hardly any physical world attributes.To analyse the Copernican Revolution in solving human knowledge problem he says mind conform to things and things also conform to mind.How Copernicus was able to prove the earth and other planets revolve round the sun startled skeptics,antagonists and apologists alike.Kant has taken or makes into an attribute of human reason the thing that Hume says we cannot prove.It shows vividly if human reason perceives everything as a matter of cause and effect,then it means eternity of the law of causality is supreme.The law of causality lays in us contrary to Hume and they agree man cannot with certainty the true nature of the world itself.We are only given the capacity to know what it is for every man that ventures.When we look at the dividing line that he draws between matters in themselves that is das Ding an sich and the nature of their appearances.He differentiates things in itself and the thing for me"kant was uneasy when he read Hume that we

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the foundation of christian faith.He had a great mastery of other people's philosophy and then with solid grounding in his own philosophy.We know that the rationalists had unshakable faith in rationalism that the basis of knowledge lay in the mind.This is in contrast to empiricism that all knowledge come from the senses.Kant here submits that both were partly right but thought were partly wrong also.He thought that both sensing and thinking are players in our conception of the world.He questioned their predilection to place too much emphasis on both.He agrees with Hume that all our knowledge come from sensation.He also realised certain conditions that govern mind operations to shape our experience of the real world.Time and space are two forms of intuition and they precede every experience.Such related perception driven by these forms of intuition is innate.So,we can know before we experience things that will be perceived as phenomena in time and space.He classified these forms of intuition as first and

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Marriage laws'changes were ademanded and equal political rights as men and social conditions to be made favourable to women.In this font they failed to achieve that.Olympe de Gouges two after the revolution who demanded same rights for women as well and had published a declaration on the rights of women.She took bold decision to make declaration having noticed that the declaration on the rights of man was silent about women rights.Unfortunately,in 1793 this unruffled amazon was beheaded for daring to defend king Louis XVI,oppose Robespierre and consequently they banned all political activity for women.Not until the findesiecle before feminism was revived once again from France,Europe to America.Immanuel Kant the first philosopher to be professor was born in 1724 in the east prusian town of konigsberg to a master saddler.He barely travelled until the age of eighty.His religious background and family lifestyle was instrumental to the development of his philosophy.Then he wanted to preserve like berkeley the

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to adopt a common position,laying a foundation for arts and culture,religion and ethics,the consequence led to enlightenment movement.Towards the end of the revolution the national constitution was drafted and passed into law.The Principle Of Indivldual's inviolability that reached the peak with the Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And Citizen.It was adopted by the French National Assembly in 1789.Almost all the European,took after french constitution.For instance the human rights' declaration was the basis of Norwegian Constitution.The enlightenment philosophers fought for what they called natural rights.In 1787,they established these rights including feminism were natural outcome of the revolution.In the case of feminism,give it the honor to Condorcet an enlightenment philosopher who in 1787 published a treatise on the rights of women.And so two after the publication,revolution started and women were extremely active.They took active part in the old feudal regime such as forcing the king into exile.

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When they visited England they were shocked with the spirit of liberalism they met there.Natural sciences of Isaac Newton and British philosophy specifically the political philosophy of Locke intrigued them.The exposure gained them intellectual freedom and when they returned back they attacked old authority.This later triggered a revolution that lasted almost a decade at the end of which Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor that ruled France and Europe for two decades prior to his hanging at St.Helena.Locke though not consistent with his empiricism believe certain moral norms including faith in God were stamped in human reason.This became the core norm of the enlightenment era that started in Paris and nurtured by Rouseau's book"Spirit Of The Law".Not unlike the humanists of antiquity mainly Socrates and Stoics,most Enlightenment philosophers had robust faith in rationalism.Little wonder historians and historicists and fellow philosophers labelled the epoch the age of reason.When the philosophers came together

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And it is he that influences our profusion of ideas and earthly perception and all our life exist within his nucleus.Every mortal perception is an after effect of divine power and we exist only in the mind of God.He interogates both fickleness of the material reality and whether time and space had any independent existence.He questioned that material reality fake us and all we can know that we are spirit.George Berkeley was a philosopher so to say who denied the existence of material universe beyond the human mind.The English Bishop Of Cloyne postulates that our sensory perceptions come from God.He published his main work A Treatise Concerning The Principles Of Human Knowledge in 1710.Now,we move onto the Enlightenment Era.Hume died in 1776 whereas French Revolution Of 1789 thatarose later was linked to the muchearlier revolutionary forces of mordern rationalism.When Voltaire and Rouseau died in 1778 including Monstequieu had all visited England and widely schooled in the philosophy of empiricist John Locke.

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George Berkeley(1685-1753),an Irish Bishop and a philosopher too discovered that current philosophies,science and technology were a threat to his christian faith and religion.Hence later became the most consistent of the empiricists and believed we cannot more of the world than we can perceive through our senses.He claimed worldly things are not things as we perceive them and the only things that exist are those things that we perceive.Matterial things or matters or tangible things cannot be perceived.He interogated them by the logic of empiricism and to assume that we perceive refers to its own underlying terms such as substance rushing to conclusion.There is no claim to base such experience.He believed in the spirit and opined all our ideas and thoughts have a cause beyond human consciousness andnot of material universe.He wasfond of the fact the existence of God much more clearer than the existence of man,not clearly perceived.That divinity is intimately present in our consciousness and physical nature.

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To probe every single idea that went into making of complex idea preocuppied his attention.He opposed every idea and thought that could be traced back to its corresponding sense perception.Not to feel an alterable ego is not a false perception and egocentric perception deals with long chain of simple impressions that you barely experience simultaneously.What succeed and progress one after the other with uncontemplated rapidity is nothing but a repertoire of variegated perceptions.His human mind analytical model and rejection of unaltered ego had been advanced about two thousand five hundred years ago.It was similar to Budha's concept of life as a limitless and endless succesion of mental and material processes and maintains its constant state of change.Miracle is against the law of nature and as agnostic disputed human ability to prove divine existence.Hume a man from Adam Smith's country also made enviable contribution to the study of economics especially mordern macroeconomics such as balance of trade etc.

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Of Human Nature had a different piles of thought construction entirely.Having deposed medieval thoughts and the rationalistic philosophy of mordern times as obscene,proposed a return to the spontaneous experience of the real world.To see an angel,a widespread belief during his time according to him a complex idea.These are different experiences unrelated to fact and a mere fable of imagination.He barely detest to know how a child experiences the real world.He establishes the two types of perception that man has namely ideas and impressions.The latter refers instantaneous sensation of outer reality and ideas means recollections of such impressions.Sensation is original and idea or reflection its imitation and the latter is livelier and more robust than the reflective memory.Impresion is direct consequence of ideas stored and retrieved from the mind.Both can be simple or complex.He agrees with Descartes it is expedient to construct your thought from ground up.Sometimes we form complex ideas that defy reality

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Before we move onto David Hume(1711-1776),we round up Lockean tenets of intellectual and political liberty was responsible to the successful despotic subjugation of the glorious revolution of 1688.He not only campaigned for equality of sexes but also extremely influenced John stuart mill that later played greater role in the crusade of gender equality of the successive times.His liberalism came into full display during the french enlightenment of the 18th century and spoke extensively and the first to advocate separation of power.It did not originate from Monstequieu and the idea was to avoid despotism especially of the type that occured during the period of king Louis.HUME who set the great philosopher kant on his feet to discover his philosophical reflection, stands as the most influential empiricist of all time.He came from Edinburgh in Scotland and had insurmountable passion for philosophy.He lived during the enlightenment era,same time with Jean jacques Rouseau and voltaire.In his main work, A Treatise

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This leads to reflection not sensation and he distinguished the two that the mind is not merely a passive receiver.With later trait it shows ability to categorise and processes the mental passage of every sensation.That the only we have capability to perceive are simple sensations.For a whole apple or pawpaw cannot suppled in one single sensation whether it is green,smells well,fresh or juicy.IT is after eating that you have the true experience where reflection says one is satisfied.That is how to form a complex idea of the apple or pawpaw in question.All material of our knowledge comes to us through sensations and anything to the contrary is false conception.He also defines both primary and secondary qualities that guides our sensation and reflection power in the classification of both tangible and intangible realms of nature.He also agreed with Descartes that man has the capability to discern divine existence with the notion that certain ethical principles and the idea of natural right apply to everybody.

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The purification of those hollow notions led to the propagation of the empiricism school of thoughts.Such panning for a particle of gold is real experience and the British empiricists were able to examine the predilection of human conceptions to determine the valid rationale of their actual experience.In his main work published in 1690 he explained and clarify two positions where the origin of our ideas and the reliability of human senses.He sees the mind as tabula rasa an empty state before we perceive anything.That all our thoughts and ideas issue in tandem with the earlier excerpts all proceed from what we have taken in through our senses.The mind is an unfinished room or the empty or clean blackboard in the classroom before the teacher arrives.And then the pupils begin to smell,hear,taste hear or sense things or the world around them and it is the same with normal people and their environment or infants.This is sense's simple idea according to him would then be worked upon by thinking,doubting,believing.

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An empiricist derive knowledge from the world of senses.The classic tradition was begun by one of the natural philosophers and popularised by Aristotle who said "There is nothing in the mind except what was first in the senses."In this context he pointed his frustration and criticism at plato.Locke uses aristotle's words with objectivity that aimed at Descartes' words.That we have no innate ideas world conceptions that we are brought into prior to its conception by perception.If such conception is not related to experienced facts,it defies valid and is a false conception.To utilise words like'substance,God and eternity is to abuse reason or misuse it,given that nobody has experienced God or eternity and what philosophers called substance.Such impressive philosophical system inherited in the 17th and 18th centuries by philosophers was regarded as pure fantansies.When the empiricists came such learned but prejudiced dissertations had to be viewed under a new intellectual microscope or with theenlightened radar.

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of the falseness of this supposition,if i should only show....how men barely by the use of their natural faculties may attain to all the knowledge they have without the help of any innate impressions;and may arrive at certainty without any such original notions or principles." Then he goes onto identify the very source of knowledge and reason when he says:"Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge?To this i answer in one word from Experience.In that all our knowledge is founded;and from that it ultimately derives itself." This particular excerpt made him a leading philosopher of the empirical school in the 18th century when rationalism was heavily opposed with deep criticism.Empiricism taught that there was absolutely nothing in the mind that was not initially perceived or experienced by the senses.A group of the empiricism comprises John Locke, Berkely and David Hume,then with the addition of Leibniz,there arose a stark competition between the British Empiricism and Continental Rationalism .

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John Locke(1632-1704)unlike Descartes and Spinoza was an English philosopher of the empirical school.He had tremendous impact with his quentesential writings on the ideals of English political freedom.He wrote extensively on religious tolerance,justice,constitional government.For instance An Essay Concerning Human Understanding was inspired and motivated by a private discussion with friends.His two treatises on governance ordinarily influenced the glorious revolution of 1688 when king james 11 was overthrown.He opened the first paragraph of his essays on human understanding in his attempt to understand the limits of the human mind by criticizing the rationalists of the earlier period.Hear him:"It is an established opinion amongst some men that there are in the understanding certain innate principles;some primary notions,characters as it were stamped upon the mind of man;which the soul receives in its very first being,and brings into the world with it.It would be sufficient to convince unprejudiced readers

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was made up of one indivisible single reality.He was classified therefore as a monist.He believed God or natural laws as the inner cause was responsible to everything that happens.He preaches everything material happens through necessity and had a determinist view of material or natural world.He emphasizes that only one entity is independently of its own cause and only God or nature can act with such complete or nonacidental freedom.There is no such thing as freewill for man even though he can attain freedom without outside resistance.We do not have a free soul incarcerated in a body that functions through a mechanical process.We barely choose our thinking nor control every happening in our body.That it was our ambitions and lust that prevented us from achieving true hapiness and harmony.We can attain an intuitive comprehension of nature,provided we generally realise everything happens by necessity.If we comprehend existence and embrace its universal perception,we shall therefore be opportuned to attain joy.

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was made up of one indivisible single reality.He was classified therefore as a monist.He believed God or natural laws as the inner cause was responsible to everything that happens.He preaches everything material happens through necessity and had a determinist view of material or natural world.He emphasizes that only one entity is independently of its own cause and only God or nature can act with such complete or nonacidental freedom.There is no such thing as freewill for man even though he can attain freedom without outside resistance.We do not have a free soul incarcerated in a body that functions through a mechanical process.We barely choose our thinking nor control every happening in our body.That it was our ambitions and lust that prevented us from achieving true hapiness and harmony.We can attain an intuitive comprehension of nature,provided we generally realise everything happens by necessity.If we comprehend existence and embrace its universal perception,we shall therefore be opportuned to attain joy.

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because of heresy.He was the first to use history to criticise the so called holy book which he ridiculed to the last letter.He was deserted and nearly disinherited by his family due to the heresy.No one did champion free speech and religious intolerance like Spinoza and because of the stiff opposition he faced on all sides he was forced to live in obscurity and a quiet life.He earned a living polishing lenses and also devoted himself to private study as a villified hermit.He was a pantheist for saying "God Is All and All Is In God".That God is the world and did not create the world to abode outside it.Quoting a speech by St.Paul speaking on the Areopagus Hill to the athenians,he says: In him we live and move and have our being".He wrote his best book"Ethics Geometrically Demonstrated".In the same way Descartes used mathematical theorems for philosophical reflection,Spinoza adopted the same rationalistic tradition and a very complex art to deal with.Spinoza rejected Descartes' dualism and that every exist is

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resolved no longer to seek any other science that the knowledge of myself or of the great book of the world."That".......our senses sometimes deceive us,i was willing to suppose that there existed nothing reallysuch as they presented to us...,.,..i supposed that all the objects that had ever entered into my mind when awake had in themno more truth than the illusions of my dreams.But immediately upon this i observed that whilst i thus wished to think that all wasfalse,it was absolutely necessary that i who thus thought should be somewhat;and as i observed thistruth i think therefore i am,was so certain....".In the principles of human knowledge,he says"That in order to seekthe truth it is necessaryonce in the course of our life to doubt as far as possible of all things....".Now we move onto controversial Baruch Spinoza,a DutchJew(1632-1677),who hailed from jewish community of amsterdam.He denied that the Bible was written by God and heavily christicised the established religion.Consequently,he excommunicated